{"id":14171,"date":"2025-01-15T11:43:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T11:43:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/londonpost.news\/?p=14171"},"modified":"2025-01-15T11:56:14","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T11:56:14","slug":"pasifikteki-nukleer-testlerin-mirasi-marshall-adalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/analysis\/pasifikteki-nukleer-testlerin-mirasi-marshall-adalari\/2025\/01\/15\/admin1\/","title":{"rendered":"Pasifik’teki N\u00fckleer Testlerin Miras\u0131: Marshall Adalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Jack Niedenthal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pasifik Okyanusu’nda sakin ve uzak bir atol zinciri olan Marshall Adalar\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan n\u00fckleer testlerin karanl\u0131k miras\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 1946 ile 1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD, Bikini ve Enewetak Atolleri’nde 67 n\u00fckleer ve termon\u00fckleer test ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f, bu testler kara, halk ve gelecek ku\u015faklar \u00fczerinde derin ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015f\u00f6hrete sahip test olan 1954 BRAVO hidrojen bombas\u0131, bu deneylerin felaket sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rneklemekte olup, bu etkiler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tarihi Ba\u011flam ve An\u0131nda Etkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Mart 1954’te Kuzey Marshall Adalar\u0131 halk\u0131, benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir olaya uyand\u0131: Tropikal adalardan olu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve izole bir ada zincirinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve her zamanki gibi sabah g\u00fcne\u015finin do\u011fudan do\u011fdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc hayal edin\u2026 ve sonra bat\u0131dan da bir g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011funu fark etti\u011finizi. BRAVO hidrojen bombas\u0131, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Hiro\u015fima’ya at\u0131lan atom bombas\u0131ndan 1.000 kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olarak, Bikini Atol\u00fc’n\u00fcn kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesinde patlad\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 aday\u0131 buharla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131, k\u00fcllerini atmosferin 100.000 feet (yakla\u015f\u0131k 30.480 metre) y\u00fcksekli\u011fine g\u00f6nderdi ve ard\u0131ndan radyoaktif serpintiyi, Rongelap, Utrok ve kuzeydeki di\u011fer kom\u015fu atollere ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Image Credit:Jack Niedenthal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Adal\u0131lar, uyar\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlikenin fark\u0131nda olmadan ne oldu\u011funu hi\u00e7 anlamad\u0131lar. Yeti\u015fkinler, “kar” etraf\u0131nda ya\u011farken inanamaz bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne bakarak, \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl k\u00fclde oynayarak, hepsi an\u0131nda radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakaland\u0131: yan\u0131klar, bulant\u0131, sa\u00e7 d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi ve soyulmu\u015f cilt.
\nR\u00fczgarlar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc bilmesine ra\u011fmen, ABD, Marshall Adalar\u0131 halk\u0131n\u0131 uyarmad\u0131. Oysa kendi personeline –gemilerde ve tahkim edilmi\u015f beton s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklarda g\u00f6revli olanlara– g\u00fcvertede kalmamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve tehlikeden uzak durmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Rongelap ve Utrok sakinlerinin ancak g\u00fcnler sonra tahliye edilmesi sa\u011fland\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok ada sakini \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcren sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle tiroit kanserleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve radyoaktif serpinti Japonya’ya kadar yay\u0131larak bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 teknesindeki bir m\u00fcrettebat \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne, di\u011ferlerinin ise akut radyasyon sendromuna yakalanmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel Y\u0131k\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Image Credit:Jack Niedenthal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

N\u00fckleer ve termon\u00fckleer testler, Marshall Adalar\u0131 \u00e7evresini derinlemesine tahrip etti. Bikini ve Enewetak Atol\u00fc’n\u00fcn baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri hala kirli ve yerinden edilmi\u015f topluluklar i\u00e7in ya\u015fanmaz durumda. Enewetak’ta, ABD, 1970’lerin sonlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir temizlik giri\u015fiminde bulunarak y\u00fcksek derecede radyoaktif kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Runit Kubbesi ad\u0131 verilen bir beton yap\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na g\u00f6md\u00fc; bu yap\u0131, y\u00fckselen deniz seviyelerinden dolay\u0131 \u015fimdi tehdit alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kubbe, pl\u00fctonyum-239 ve di\u011fer zehirli maddeleri i\u00e7ermekte olup, Pasifik ekosistemine tehdit olu\u015fturan bir zaman bombas\u0131d\u0131r.
\nMarshall Adalar\u0131 Koleji Liberal Sanatlar B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc E\u015f Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan Desmond Doulatram, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f sorunlara dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. \u201cBir\u00e7ok insan\u0131m\u0131z, BRAVO’nun 70. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n ac\u0131 bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu, onurumuzun yeniden sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla ilgili bir mesele,\u201d diyor ve Marshall Adal\u0131lar\u0131’na vurulan kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7evresel ve psikolojik yaralar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer testler nedeniyle ya\u015fanan yerinden edilme, adal\u0131lar\u0131n geleneksel ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yok etti. Zorunlu yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeler, topluluklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yabanc\u0131 yard\u0131mlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdi ve genellikle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kaynaklara eri\u015fimle kalabal\u0131k ko\u015fullarda ya\u015famalar\u0131na neden oldu. 1970’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Bikini Atol\u00fc’ne yap\u0131lan geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f gibi yeniden yerle\u015fim giri\u015fimleri, 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda o zamanki ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Lyndon B. Johnson taraf\u0131ndan New York Times’\u0131n man\u015fetinde te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f olsa da, yerel g\u0131da arz\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oranda sezyum-137 ile kontamine oldu\u011fu ke\u015ffedildikten sonra ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Bikini halk\u0131 1979’da yeniden tahliye edildi ve bu kez s\u00fcresiz olarak.
\nBu yerinden edilmenin ekonomik yans\u0131malar\u0131, ada toplumumuzda hala etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 altyap\u0131, yetersiz sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri ve ithal mallara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, yerinden edilenler ve onlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan zorluklar\u0131 daha da derinle\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Al\u0131nan \u00d6nlemler: ABD ve Yerel Tepkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, n\u00fckleer testlerinin miras\u0131n\u0131 ele almak amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak bu \u00e7abalar yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde yetersiz olarak ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 1980\u2019lerde imzalanan ilk Serbest Birlik Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (COFA) \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, tazminat i\u00e7in 150 milyon dolar tahsis edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak, arazi hasarlar\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel yaralanmalarla ilgili \u00f6denmemi\u015f talepler, \u015fu anda 2,2 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir miktara ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu talepleri incelemek amac\u0131yla kurulan N\u00fckleer Talepler Mahkemesi, fonlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla t\u00fcketmi\u015f ve ma\u011fdalar\u0131 ABD mahkemelerinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arayamayacak duruma getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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David Anitok, Senator for Ailuk Atoll and Envoy for Nuclear Justice and Human Rights:Image Credit-Jack Niedenthal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Liderlerimiz, adaletin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yorulmak bilmeden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Ailuk Atol\u00fc Senat\u00f6r\u00fc ve N\u00fckleer Adalet ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 El\u00e7isi David Anitok, bir\u00e7ok Marshall Adal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde dile getirmektedir: \u201cUzun bir s\u00fcre, ABD\u2019nin ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u2026 ancak her zaman, ABD halk\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in neleri feda etti\u011fimizi tam anlam\u0131yla kabul etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Jesse Gasper Jr., Senator from Bikini Atoll and Minister of Culture and Internal Affairs, insists that acknowledgment is crucial. Image Credit-Jack Niedenthal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

COFA III kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan son anla\u015fmalar, Marshall Adalar\u0131’ndaki 13 atol halk\u0131 i\u00e7in “A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0130htiya\u00e7 Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131” amac\u0131yla 700 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir g\u00fcven fonu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ancak ele\u015ftirmenler, g\u00fcven anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 57 sayfas\u0131nda “n\u00fckleer” kelimesinin belirgin bir \u015fekilde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bikini Atol\u00fc Senat\u00f6r\u00fc ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Jesse Gasper Jr., ABD\u2019nin bu konuda bir \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemesinin ve n\u00fckleer faaliyetlerinin Marshall Adalar\u0131’ndaki etkilerini kabul etmesinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir: \u201cABD \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemeli. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131’n\u0131n ofisinden Marshall Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili olarak ne yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeleri gerekiyor,\u201d demektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer Test D\u00f6neminin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Etkileri ve Ku\u015faklar Aras\u0131 Y\u00fckler<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ariana-Tibon-Kilma,Image Credit:Jack Niedenthal .<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

N\u00fckleer test d\u00f6nemi ile ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Tiroid kanserleri, do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen kusurlar ve di\u011fer radyasyona ba\u011fl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar n\u00fcfusumuzu etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2004 tarihli Ulusal Kanser Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc raporuna g\u00f6re, 530’dan fazla kanser do\u011frudan n\u00fckleer testlere ba\u011flanabilir ve bu vakalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu hen\u00fcz kendini g\u00f6stermemi\u015ftir.
\nUlusal N\u00fckleer Komisyon Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ariana Tibon-Kilma, yaln\u0131zca 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda olup, liderlik rollerine ad\u0131m atan gen\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 temsil etmektedir. \u201cN\u00fckleer miras anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fini kuvvetle hissediyorum,\u201d diyor ve yayg\u0131n kontaminasyonun daha do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tasvir edilmesini savunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca, onkologlar ve kardiyologlar gibi uzmanlara eri\u015fim de dahil olmak \u00fczere sa\u011fl\u0131k altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerini \u00f6nceliklendirmek, t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusumuz i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olabilecek bir adalet bi\u00e7imidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Toplum Savunuculu\u011fu ve Diren\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marshall Adalar\u0131 toplumlar\u0131, bu zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir diren\u00e7 sergilemi\u015ftir. N\u00fckleer adalet savunuculu\u011fu, onlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na uluslararas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Greenpeace ve Darlene Keju gibi isimler, ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n seslerini duyurmakta \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Keju\u2019nun e\u015fi, gazeteci Giff Johnson, n\u00fckleer miras\u0131 titizlikle kaydeden bir isim olmaya devam etmekte ve \u201cn\u00fckleer deneme miras\u0131, belirli bir tarihte sihirli bir \u015fekilde sona ermez\u201d diyerek bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi vurgulamaktad\u0131r.
\nE\u011fitim, Marshall Adalar\u0131’n\u0131n tepkisinin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir. Tibon-Kilma, iyi bilgilendirilmi\u015f bir n\u00fcfusun, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hatalar\u0131n\u0131n tekrarlanmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamada anahtar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. \u201cNe kadar e\u011fitimli olursak, o kadar iyi se\u00e7imler yapabiliriz\u201d \u015feklinde ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Image Credit:Jack Niedenthal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130leriye Giden Yol<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marshall Adal\u0131 halk\u0131 i\u00e7in adalet ve iyile\u015fme yolculu\u011fu uzun ve engellerle doludur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kabul\u00fc, yeterli tazminat ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ile \u00e7evre iyile\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar temel ad\u0131mlard\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri ve \u00e7evresel temizlikler, baz\u0131 topluluklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n vatanlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmeleri i\u00e7in bir yol a\u00e7abilir.
\nAyr\u0131ca, Marshall Adal\u0131 halk\u0131n\u0131n hikayesi, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte n\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Deneyimlerini payla\u015farak, Marshall Adal\u0131 halk\u0131 n\u00fckleer silah tehdidinden ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in daha geni\u015f harekete katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marshall Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fckleer deneme ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, denetimsiz militarizmin insan ve \u00e7evre \u00fczerindeki maliyetinin ciddi bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Halk\u0131m\u0131z adalet m\u00fccadelesine devam ederken, hikayemiz d\u00fcnyaya hesap verebilirli\u011fin, direncin ve insan ruhunun \u00f6nemini hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r. Bu, yaln\u0131zca hat\u0131rlamaya de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda harekete ge\u00e7meye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran bir mesajd\u0131r; b\u00f6yle zul\u00fcmlerin bir daha asla tekrarlanmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Author:Jack Niedenthal, Marshall Adalar\u0131\u2019nda 44 y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, eski Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Sekreteridir. “For the Good of Mankind, An Oral History of the People of Bikini” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 ve Marshall Dili’nde alt\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc uzun metraj film \u00fcreten Microwave Films’in ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Geri bildirimler i\u00e7in jackniedenthal@gmail.com adresine e-posta g\u00f6nderebilirsiniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note:This article is produced to you by\u00a0Brussels Independent<\/strong>, in collaboration with\u00a0INPS Japan<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Soka Gakkai International<\/strong>, in consultative status with\u00a0UN ECOSOC<\/strong>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Jack Niedenthal Pasifik Okyanusu’nda sakin ve uzak bir atol zinciri olan Marshall Adalar\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan n\u00fckleer testlerin karanl\u0131k miras\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 1946 ile 1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD, Bikini ve Enewetak Atolleri’nde 67 n\u00fckleer ve termon\u00fckleer test ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f, bu testler kara, halk ve gelecek ku\u015faklar \u00fczerinde derin ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14195,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/bravocolorMedium-copy-scaled.jpg","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14171"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14171"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14197,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14171\/revisions\/14197"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/be\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}