{"id":15443,"date":"2025-08-01T10:42:04","date_gmt":"2025-08-01T09:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/londonpost.news\/?p=15443"},"modified":"2025-08-01T10:42:04","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T09:42:04","slug":"isvecte-dongusel-ekonomi-kuresel-atik-azaltimi-icin-dersler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/analysis\/isvecte-dongusel-ekonomi-kuresel-atik-azaltimi-icin-dersler\/2025\/08\/01\/admin1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel Ekonomi: K\u00fcresel At\u0131k Azalt\u0131m\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Dersler"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Dr.Arif Kisana (Stockholm,Sweden)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130sve\u00e7, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte k\u00fcresel bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil ederek at\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kaynak haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekte ve Avrupa ile \u00f6tesine kritik dersler sunan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct belirlemektedir. 2023\u2019te 10,5 milyonluk n\u00fcfusu ve 540,7 milyar avroluk GSY\u0130H\u2019siyle \u0130sve\u00e7, AB27 n\u00fcfusunun yaln\u0131zca %2,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ve GSY\u0130H\u2019sinin %3,2\u2019sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r; buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7evre politikas\u0131 ve inovasyonda etkisi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Hanelerdeki at\u0131klar\u0131n %99,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren, sadece %0,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6nderen \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, k\u00fcresel olarak \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6nderilen at\u0131klar\u0131n %60\u2019l\u0131k ve AB\u2019nin %23\u2019l\u00fck ortalamalar\u0131yla keskin bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k olu\u015fturur. Bu ba\u015far\u0131; s\u0131k\u0131 politikalar, geli\u015fmi\u015f altyap\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k sayesinde elde edilmi\u015f olup \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019i at\u0131k azalt\u0131m\u0131nda lider konumuna getirmektedir. Ancak d\u00f6ng\u00fcsellik oran\u0131 %3,4 olup, AB ortalamas\u0131 olan %11,8 ve Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n %24,5\u2019lik oran\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda malzeme yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131nda bo\u015fluklar\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130sve\u00e7, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda 431 kg belediye at\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretmekte olup AB ortalamas\u0131 olan 513 kg\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Avusturya (611 kg), Danimarka (747 kg) ve L\u00fcksemburg (790 kg) daha fazla \u00fcretirken Romanya (280 kg) ve Letonya (357 kg) daha az \u00fcretmektedir. 2023\u2019te \u0130sve\u00e7 toplamda 4,1 milyon ton belediye at\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir; bunun %39\u2019u geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, %59\u2019u ise 34 at\u0131ktan enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tesisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla enerjiye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Bu tesisler 1,5 milyon haneye \u0131s\u0131, 780.000 haneye elektrik sa\u011flayarak y\u0131lda 2,2 milyon ton CO\u2082 emisyonunun \u00f6nlenmesine, yani yollardan 440.000 arac\u0131n eksiltilmesine katk\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Danimarka ve Finlandiya da enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme sistemini kullan\u0131rken, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (%44 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131) ve Polonya bu uygulamay\u0131 yeni benimsemekte olup Bulgaristan ve Malta at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n %70\u2019inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6ndermektedir. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in %1\u2019lik \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck oran\u0131, Almanya, Avusturya ve Bel\u00e7ika ile ayn\u0131 seviyede olup 2020\u2019deki AB ortalamas\u0131 olan %18\u2019in olduk\u00e7a alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;in kaynak t\u00fcketimi olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir\u2014y\u0131ll\u0131k 266 milyon ton, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 24,4 ton\u2014bu, AB27 ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n %171,7 fazlas\u0131d\u0131r ve d\u00f6ng\u00fcselli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fin ne kadar acil oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Circularity Gap Report \u0130sve\u00e7, kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 %42,6 oran\u0131nda azaltmak i\u00e7in alt\u0131 m\u00fcdahale \u00f6nermektedir: d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel in\u015faat, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir g\u0131da sistemleri, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel \u00fcretim, yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m end\u00fcstrileri, temiz mobilite ve bilin\u00e7li t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri. \u00d6rne\u011fin, binalar\u0131n yenilenmesi ve hafif malzemelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131n kaynak ayak izini %8,2 azaltabilirken bitki temelli diyetler ve g\u0131da israf\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 %7,3\u2019l\u00fck bir kesintiye yol a\u00e7abilir. \u0130sve\u00e7 ekonomisinin %26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc; onar\u0131m ve kiralama hizmetleriyle kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 %5,3 azaltabilirken, madencilik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 %3,4 tasarruf sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130sve\u00e7&#8217;in politika \u00e7er\u00e7evesi; 1991\u2019de uygulamaya konulan ton ba\u015f\u0131na 120 avroluk karbon vergisi ve 1994\u2019ten beri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f \u00dcretici Sorumlulu\u011fu (EPR) yasalar\u0131 sayesinde d\u00f6ng\u00fcselli\u011fi desteklemektedir. 18 \u00fcr\u00fcn kategorisini kapsayan EPR ile \u00fcreticiler toplama ve bertaraf s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden sorumlu tutulmakta; ambalaj malzemelerinin %85\u2019i (y\u0131ll\u0131k 1,2 milyon ton) geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Yanabilir ve organik at\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck yasaklar\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek vergiler, AB&#8217;nin 2035\u2019e kadar %10\u2019un alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck kullan\u0131m hedefiyle uyum i\u00e7indedir. 2024\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir yasa g\u0131da at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131larak biyogaz \u00fcretimini art\u0131r\u0131rken \u201cpant\u201d depo-iade sistemi her y\u0131l 3 milyar \u015fi\u015fe ve kutuda %92\u2019lik bir iade oran\u0131na ula\u015fmakta, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n %77\u2019sini geride b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. 2027\u2019ye kadar at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi reformlar\u0131yla sorumluluk \u00fcreticilere kayd\u0131r\u0131lacak ve art\u0131k at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6nderilmesi yasaklanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Altyap\u0131 bu politikalar\u0131 desteklemektedir; evlerin 300 metre yak\u0131n\u0131nda geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm istasyonlar\u0131 bulunmakta ve vakumlu toplama sistemleri, Optibag s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma teknolojileri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Almanya ve Hollanda benzer sistemlere sahipken Romanya ve Yunanistan h\u00e2l\u00e2 eksiklik ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel kat\u0131l\u0131m da \u00f6nemlidir; kamu kampanyalar\u0131, e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Black Friday\u2019e alternatif olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Circular Monday gibi giri\u015fimler yeniden kullan\u0131m bilincini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Eskilstuna\u2019daki ReTuna gibi belediyeye ait ikinci el merkezleri, g\u00fcnde 700 ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7ekerek onar\u0131m\u0131 ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Sanayi de bu s\u00fcrece kat\u0131lmakta; H&amp;M 2025\u2019e kadar %100 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f materyal kullanmay\u0131 hedeflemekte, Volvo %95 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir otob\u00fcsler tasarlamakta, SSAB ise fosilsiz \u00e7eli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmektedir. 2024\u2019te kurulan tekstil geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm firmas\u0131 Syre, 2032\u2019ye kadar polyester d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kapatmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7abalar at\u0131ktan enerjiyle y\u0131lda 2,1 milyar avro gelir sa\u011flamakta ve d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel sekt\u00f6rlerde 200.000 ki\u015fiye istihdam sunmaktad\u0131r, bu da 2024\u2019te GSY\u0130H\u2019nin %4\u2019\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (2015\u2019te %1,8 idi).<\/p>\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in %49\u2019luk belediye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131 Almanya (%69), Avusturya (%59) ve Slovenya (%58)\u2019n\u0131n gerisinde kalmakta ancak Romanya (%12) ve Yunanistan (%19)\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n %26,5\u2019luk d\u00f6ng\u00fcsellik oran\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in enerji geri kazan\u0131m\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 2020 Anti-At\u0131k Yasas\u0131 ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n %76\u2019l\u0131k ambalaj geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131 olumlu ad\u0131mlar g\u00f6sterse de \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck kullan\u0131m oranlar\u0131 (Fransa\u2019da %32 ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde daha da fazla) geriden gelmektedir. Polonya\u2019n\u0131n %38\u2019lik \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck oran\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinin yava\u015f ilerledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in y\u0131ll\u0131k 1,8 milyon tonluk at\u0131k ithalat\u0131, 100 milyon dolarl\u0131k gelir sa\u011flamakta ancak bu durum, k\u00fcresel sorumluluk tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmakta ve ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde at\u0131k azalt\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeyebilir. Ele\u015ftirmenler ayr\u0131ca enerji geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn CO\u2082 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck plastik geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oranlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamakta; bir\u00e7ok plastik ya ihra\u00e7 edilmekte ya da yak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 2024\u2019te tek kullan\u0131ml\u0131k plastik po\u015fetlerde yap\u0131lan vergi indirimi \u00e7evresel kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n geriye d\u00f6nmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in modeli d\u00f6rt ders sunmaktad\u0131r: ekonomik uygulanabilirlik (enerjiden elde edilen k\u00e2r), iddial\u0131 politikalar (2020 At\u0131k Plan\u0131 hedefleri), yerel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler (Malm\u00f6\u2019n\u00fcn Ekod\u00f6ng\u00fc Kasabas\u0131) ve s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar konusunda \u015feffafl\u0131k (at\u0131k ithalat\u0131). Geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomiler i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck yasaklar\u0131, EPR ve gelir getirici at\u0131k ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6nceliklidir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler ise \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in onar\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik eden vergi politikalar\u0131 ve depo-iade sistemlerini benimseyebilir. \u0130sve\u00e7 \u00c7evre Koruma Ajans\u0131, Bulgaristan gibi \u00fclkelere uzmanl\u0131k ihrac\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir. D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi, 85.100 ki\u015fiye (%1,7) istihdam sa\u011flamakta.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"tight\" dir=\"ltr\" data-tight=\"true\" data-pm-slice=\"3 3 []\">\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">European Environment Agency (EEA), 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Circularity Gap Report Sweden, 2023<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Earth.Org, 2022<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Sweden.se, 2025<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">TRT World, 2019<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Sensoneo Global Waste Index, 2025<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Middle East Bulletin, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Marshall Education, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Wikipedia, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">circularsweden.se, 2024<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">ESG News, 2024<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"tight\" dir=\"ltr\" data-tight=\"true\" data-pm-slice=\"3 3 []\">\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">ramberglaw.se, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">lemonde.fr, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Tech and Thoughts, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">LinkedIn, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">SAGE Journals, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">time.com, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>This article is produced to you by Brussels Independent, in collaboration with INPS Japan and Soka Gakkai International, in consultative status with UN ECOSOC.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dr.Arif Kisana (Stockholm,Sweden) \u0130sve\u00e7, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte k\u00fcresel bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil ederek at\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kaynak haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekte ve Avrupa ile \u00f6tesine kritik dersler sunan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct belirlemektedir. 2023\u2019te 10,5 milyonluk n\u00fcfusu ve 540,7 milyar avroluk GSY\u0130H\u2019siyle \u0130sve\u00e7, AB27 n\u00fcfusunun yaln\u0131zca %2,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ve GSY\u0130H\u2019sinin %3,2\u2019sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r; buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7evre politikas\u0131 ve [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15444,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[709,982,9758,9759,9760,9761,9762],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/waste_managment.png","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15443"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15443"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15446,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15443\/revisions\/15446"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15444"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brusselsindependent.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}